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从作物的光合生理、根系生长、作物形态、产量形成等方面阐述了干旱胁迫抑制作物生长发育的原因,简析了作物的抗旱现状及提高抗旱性的途径,提出了作物在干旱胁迫影响下存在的问题并对今后的相关研究进行了展望。现有的研究结果表明:在作物生育期内发生干旱胁迫,叶片的光合生理所受影响最大,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度显著降低。在作物生长发育前期遇干旱胁迫,多数作物会维持较高的根系活力,保证地上部植株的正常生长,到胁迫后期,根系活力逐渐降低,地上部植株的生长受抑制作用明显,导致作物产量下降。干旱胁迫对各生育期作物产量的影响程度略有不同,小麦产量受干旱胁迫影响最严重的是孕穗期和抽穗期,拔节期和灌浆期受干旱胁迫的影响次之;对于玉米而言,开花期和灌浆期遇干旱可导致玉米严重减产。作物抗旱性的研究十分复杂,且不同作物的抗旱性存在很大差异,应综合考虑作物遗传学、生态学、分子生物学等,同时结合干旱诱导蛋白和基因工程技术措施等加深对作物抗旱性的研究。
Abstract：In this paper, the causes of drought stress inhibition of crop growth and development were described from the aspects of photosynthetic physiology, root growth, crop morphology and yield formation of crops, the drought resistance status of crops and the ways to improve drought resistance were analyzed, the problems of crops under the influence of drought stress were put forward and the related research was prospected. Existing research results indicate: drought stress occurs during the growth period of the crop, and the photosynthetic physiology of the leaves is most affected, significantly reduce the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of the leaves. Drought stress occurs in the early stage of crop growth and development, most crops maintain high root vigor and ensure normal growth of aboveground plants, in the later stage of drought stress, the root activity gradually decreased, and the growth of aboveground plants was significantly inhibited, resulting in crop yield reduction. The effect of drought stress on the yield of crops in each growth period is obviously different, the most severely affected wheat yield by drought stress is the booting stage and heading stage, followed by drought stress in the jointing stage and the filling stage; For corn, drought in the flowering and filling stages can lead to severe yield reduction in maize. The research on drought resistance of crops is very complicated, and the drought resistance of different crops is very different, plant genetics, ecology, molecular biology, etc. should be considered comprehensively, at the same time, combined with drought-inducing proteins and genetic engineering techniques to deepen the research on drought resistance of crops.
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基本信息:
DOI：10.13774/j.cnki.kjtb.2020.01.002
中图分类号:S31
引用信息:
[1]杨阳,申双和,马绎皓,等.干旱对作物生长的影响机制及抗旱技术的研究进展[J].科技通报,2020,36(01):8-15.DOI:10.13774/j.cnki.kjtb.2020.01.002.
基金信息:
公益性行业(气象)科研专项(GYHY201106043,GYHY201506001)、公益性行业(气象)科研专项(重大专项)(GYHY201506001-2);; 国家自然基金(41505099、41275118);; 中国气象局旱区特色农业气象灾害监测预警与风险管理重点实验室科研项目(CAMF-201801);; 甘肃省气象局面上项目(GSMAMs2017-14)共同资助
2018-08-14
2018
2018-08-28
2018-09-04
2018
1
2020-01-31
2020-01-31