科技通报

乙腈的工业生产分为间接法和直接合成法两类。根据原料的不同,对直接合成法中各种方法的优劣及其工艺的成熟程度进行了重点讨论,认为乙醇氨化脱氢法、乙酸氨化脱水法工艺流程简单,转化率高,选择性好,乙腈易分离提纯,最具有工业前景;间接法为丙烯氨氧化副产法,是目前工业生产乙腈的主要来源,针对其杂质种类较多等特点,分别介绍了氢氰酸、醛酮、噁唑、丙烯醇、少量丙腈和水等主要杂质的提纯方法,重点对水与乙腈共沸物的提纯做了详细阐述。最后将副产乙腈的精制工艺与新型精制工艺进行了对比,并展望了我国乙腈工业的发展未来。

Industrial production methods of acetonitrile are classified as indirect synthesis method and direct synthesis method. According to the different raw materials used in direct synthesis method, the merits and demerits, the maturity of the processes were discussed in this paper. It can be concluded that the processes of amination-dehydrogenation of ethanol and amination-dehydration of acetic acid can be used in industrial production of acetonitrile, for which are simple, high conversion rate, good selectivity, and the acetonitrile could be purified easily. However, the propylene ammoxidation by-product method is the indirect synthesis method, which is the primary source of industrial acetonitrile. In which, the main impurities purification methods were introduced, such as hydrocyanic acid, aldehydes and ketones, oxazole, allyl alcohol, a small amount of propionitrile and water, emphases on the purification methods of water-acetonitrile azeotrope. Finally, the by-product acetonitrile refining process and the new refining process were contrasted, and the industrial development of acetonitrile was also prospected.